Storage Basics - Revision history

Cmditradmin: /* Energy Storage for Different Purposes */

2016-11-08T20:28:04Z

Energy Storage for Different Purposes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:28, 8 November 2016
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	As you can see, there are many types of energy storage. Although one specific type may not have as high energy density as another, we must consider many variables before deciding which battery is ideal for a specific purpose. The follow graphs compare different energy storage systems in terms of energy density, power, discharge time, and current capacity.		As you can see, there are many types of energy storage. Although one specific type may not have as high energy density as another, we must consider many variables before deciding which battery is ideal for a specific purpose. The follow graphs compare different energy storage systems in terms of energy density, power, discharge time, and current capacity.

	[[File:~~batenergy~~.png\|thumb\| Energy Storage Comparison]		[[File:Batenergy.png\|thumb\| Energy Storage Comparison]

	The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image		The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image

Cmditradmin: /* Energy Storage for Different Purposes */

2016-11-08T20:10:15Z

Energy Storage for Different Purposes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 8 November 2016
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	As you can see, there are many types of energy storage. Although one specific type may not have as high energy density as another, we must consider many variables before deciding which battery is ideal for a specific purpose. The follow graphs compare different energy storage systems in terms of energy density, power, discharge time, and current capacity.		As you can see, there are many types of energy storage. Although one specific type may not have as high energy density as another, we must consider many variables before deciding which battery is ideal for a specific purpose. The follow graphs compare different energy storage systems in terms of energy density, power, discharge time, and current capacity.

	[[File:batenergy.png\|thumb\| Energy Storage ~~Compared chart]~~]		[[File:batenergy.png\|thumb\| Energy Storage Comparison]

	The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image		The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image

Cmditradmin: /* Energy Storage for Different Purposes */

2016-11-08T20:08:34Z

Energy Storage for Different Purposes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 8 November 2016
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	===Energy Storage for Different Purposes===		===Energy Storage for Different Purposes===
	[[File:Supercapacitors chart.svg\|thumb\|Supercapacitors chart]]		[[File:Supercapacitors chart.svg\|thumb\|Supercapacitors chart]]

	As you can see, there are many types of energy storage. Although one specific type may not have as high energy density as another, we must consider many variables before deciding which battery is ideal for a specific purpose. The follow graphs compare different energy storage systems in terms of energy density, power, discharge time, and current capacity.		As you can see, there are many types of energy storage. Although one specific type may not have as high energy density as another, we must consider many variables before deciding which battery is ideal for a specific purpose. The follow graphs compare different energy storage systems in terms of energy density, power, discharge time, and current capacity.

			[[File:batenergy.png\|thumb\| Energy Storage Compared chart]]

	The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image		The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image
	<br clear='all'>		<br clear='all'>

	===Energy Storage Projections Worldwide===		===Energy Storage Projections Worldwide===

Cmditradmin: /* Lead Acid Batteries */

2016-11-08T20:04:52Z

Lead Acid Batteries

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 8 November 2016
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	<br clear='all'>		<br clear='all'>
	===Lead Acid Batteries===		===Lead Acid Batteries===
	~~[[image~~:Lead-acid_charging.svg~~\|thumb\|~~Lead Acid Battery Charging]]		https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Lead-acid_charging.svg/273px-Lead-acid_charging.svg.png
			Lead Acid Battery Charging

	How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.		How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.

Cmditradmin: /* Lead Acid Batteries */

2016-11-08T19:54:23Z

Lead Acid Batteries

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 8 November 2016
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	===Lead Acid Batteries===		===Lead Acid Batteries===
	[[~~File~~:Lead-acid_charging.svg~~.png~~\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]		[[image:Lead-acid_charging.svg\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]

	How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.		How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.

Cmditradmin: /* Lead Acid Batteries */

2016-11-08T19:51:16Z

Lead Acid Batteries

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:51, 8 November 2016
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	===Lead Acid Batteries===		===Lead Acid Batteries===
	[[File:Lead-acid_charging.svg\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]		[[File:Lead-acid_charging.svg.png\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]

	How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.		How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.
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	Pros and Cons: Although lead acid batteries do not have the highest specific energy ( 32-43 Wh/kg),the market is still growing worldwide because of it's robust charging and economical manufacturing and 85% efficiency. Lead acid batteries have a similar levelized cost of electricity as flow batteries at $0.25-$0.35/kWh and although lead is a toxic component, successful recycling programs allowed 99% of these batteries to be recycled in the US last year. In china, lead acid batteries are being integrated into solar farms for storage. This includes a 1Mwh installation in western china and two other projects for 2.5 MW of storage. Although lithium ion batteries are taking over the battery market with 74% of china's new installation, lead acid batteries are still second at 14%. Lead acid batteries have become the battery of choice for developing countries transitioning into renewable energies. India has also recently installed $100 million worth of lead acid batteries for new energy generation projects.		Pros and Cons: Although lead acid batteries do not have the highest specific energy ( 32-43 Wh/kg),the market is still growing worldwide because of it's robust charging and economical manufacturing and 85% efficiency. Lead acid batteries have a similar levelized cost of electricity as flow batteries at $0.25-$0.35/kWh and although lead is a toxic component, successful recycling programs allowed 99% of these batteries to be recycled in the US last year. In china, lead acid batteries are being integrated into solar farms for storage. This includes a 1Mwh installation in western china and two other projects for 2.5 MW of storage. Although lithium ion batteries are taking over the battery market with 74% of china's new installation, lead acid batteries are still second at 14%. Lead acid batteries have become the battery of choice for developing countries transitioning into renewable energies. India has also recently installed $100 million worth of lead acid batteries for new energy generation projects.
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	===Large scale lithium ion===		===Large scale lithium ion===
	[[File:Li-air-charge-discharge.jpg\|thumb\|Li-air-charge-discharge]]		[[File:Li-air-charge-discharge.jpg\|thumb\|Li-air-charge-discharge]]

Cmditradmin: /* Storage Technologies */

2016-11-08T19:47:56Z

Storage Technologies

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 8 November 2016
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	[[File:Pumpstor racoon mtn.jpg\|Pumpstor racoon mtn]]		[[File:Pumpstor racoon mtn.jpg\|Pumpstor racoon mtn]]
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	===Flywheels===		===Flywheels===

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	Pros and Cons: The main use of this technology is to improve our current electric grid by capturing energy from intermittent sources and deliver it as uninterrupted power improve the quality of electricity and creating regularity. Typical systems have a specific energy of about 5Wh/kg. For the vacuum system, round-trip efficiencies are, on average, 85% and a specific energy of 100-130 Wh/kg. Although they do have high initial acquisition costs and a relatively high standing loss, they also have a long lifespan (such as 20-50% in a few hours were mechanical flywheels), low maintenance and recharge in a matter of minutes rather than hours making them independent of charge or discharge rates.		Pros and Cons: The main use of this technology is to improve our current electric grid by capturing energy from intermittent sources and deliver it as uninterrupted power improve the quality of electricity and creating regularity. Typical systems have a specific energy of about 5Wh/kg. For the vacuum system, round-trip efficiencies are, on average, 85% and a specific energy of 100-130 Wh/kg. Although they do have high initial acquisition costs and a relatively high standing loss, they also have a long lifespan (such as 20-50% in a few hours were mechanical flywheels), low maintenance and recharge in a matter of minutes rather than hours making them independent of charge or discharge rates.
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	===Compressed air energy storage (CAES)===		===Compressed air energy storage (CAES)===

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	http://www.ridgeenergystorage.com/		http://www.ridgeenergystorage.com/
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	===Supercapacitors===		===Supercapacitors===

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	Pros and Cons: Since these capacitors work electrostatically, they can be charged and discharged theoretically any number of times because they have little to no internal resistance or degradation, unlike a traditional battery that works through reversible chemical reactions. Supercapacitors are used in a similar way to flywheels in that they deliver uninterrupted power for higher quality electricity and can be recharged in seconds but also have a lower self discharge rate at 14% per month. The energy density is not great. Specific energies range from 1Wh/kg-30 Wh/kg with a 95% efficiency. The main barrier for further commercial use is the significantly higher cost at $20,000/kWh,		Pros and Cons: Since these capacitors work electrostatically, they can be charged and discharged theoretically any number of times because they have little to no internal resistance or degradation, unlike a traditional battery that works through reversible chemical reactions. Supercapacitors are used in a similar way to flywheels in that they deliver uninterrupted power for higher quality electricity and can be recharged in seconds but also have a lower self discharge rate at 14% per month. The energy density is not great. Specific energies range from 1Wh/kg-30 Wh/kg with a 95% efficiency. The main barrier for further commercial use is the significantly higher cost at $20,000/kWh,
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	===Thermal storage===		===Thermal storage===
	[[image:Graphic_csp_powertower_1996_high.jpg\|thumb\|Solar Power Tower http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/downloads/concentrating-solar-power-tower-plant-illustration]]		[[image:Graphic_csp_powertower_1996_high.jpg\|thumb\|Solar Power Tower http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/downloads/concentrating-solar-power-tower-plant-illustration]]
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	Pros and Cons: This allows the generator to work day and night creating a roundtrip efficiency between 75-80% . Plant sizes are expected to be in the range of 2-5 MW per unit with grouping of units providing GW installations, on par with pumped hydro storage but addressing different necessary environmental conditions. Loss due to discharge is very small for larger plants and this technology has the potential for large scale grid storage. The specific energy of the salts used range from 80-250 Wh/kg with a levelized cost of electricity at $0.15-$0.35/kWh.		Pros and Cons: This allows the generator to work day and night creating a roundtrip efficiency between 75-80% . Plant sizes are expected to be in the range of 2-5 MW per unit with grouping of units providing GW installations, on par with pumped hydro storage but addressing different necessary environmental conditions. Loss due to discharge is very small for larger plants and this technology has the potential for large scale grid storage. The specific energy of the salts used range from 80-250 Wh/kg with a levelized cost of electricity at $0.15-$0.35/kWh.
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	===Hydrogen / fuel cell===		===Hydrogen / fuel cell===
	[[File:Solid oxide fuel cell protonic.svg\|thumb\|Solid oxide fuel cell protonic]]		[[File:Solid oxide fuel cell protonic.svg\|thumb\|Solid oxide fuel cell protonic]]
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	Pros and Cons: Like batteries, fuel cells also have an anode, cathode, and electrolyte ti transport hydrogen ions (protons) to move between the cell. The anode and cathodes have catalysts that allow this oxidation reaction to occur. Unlike batteries, hydrogen fuel cells can run continuously as long as the fuel is supplied. Fuel cells can have efficiencies between 40-60% or up to theoretically 85% with sufficient heat recycling. Compressed hydrogen can have a specific energy of 280-400 Wh/L. The fuel cell market to expected to reach 50 GW/yr of storage potential by 2020.		Pros and Cons: Like batteries, fuel cells also have an anode, cathode, and electrolyte ti transport hydrogen ions (protons) to move between the cell. The anode and cathodes have catalysts that allow this oxidation reaction to occur. Unlike batteries, hydrogen fuel cells can run continuously as long as the fuel is supplied. Fuel cells can have efficiencies between 40-60% or up to theoretically 85% with sufficient heat recycling. Compressed hydrogen can have a specific energy of 280-400 Wh/L. The fuel cell market to expected to reach 50 GW/yr of storage potential by 2020.
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	===Flow batteries===		===Flow batteries===
	[[file:Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg\|thumb\|Zinc Cerium Flow Battery]]		[[file:Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg\|thumb\|Zinc Cerium Flow Battery]]
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	Pros and Cons: Depending on the chemical reaction, round trip efficiency of flow for Vanadium Redox batteries, for example, can range from 75-85% with a specific energy of 10-20 Wh/kg and have a levelized cost of electricity at $0.25-$0.30/kWh.		Pros and Cons: Depending on the chemical reaction, round trip efficiency of flow for Vanadium Redox batteries, for example, can range from 75-85% with a specific energy of 10-20 Wh/kg and have a levelized cost of electricity at $0.25-$0.30/kWh.
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	===Lead Acid Batteries===		===Lead Acid Batteries===
	[[File:Lead-acid_charging.svg\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]		[[File:Lead-acid_charging.svg\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]
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	Pros and Cons: Although lead acid batteries do not have the highest specific energy ( 32-43 Wh/kg),the market is still growing worldwide because of it's robust charging and economical manufacturing and 85% efficiency. Lead acid batteries have a similar levelized cost of electricity as flow batteries at $0.25-$0.35/kWh and although lead is a toxic component, successful recycling programs allowed 99% of these batteries to be recycled in the US last year. In china, lead acid batteries are being integrated into solar farms for storage. This includes a 1Mwh installation in western china and two other projects for 2.5 MW of storage. Although lithium ion batteries are taking over the battery market with 74% of china's new installation, lead acid batteries are still second at 14%. Lead acid batteries have become the battery of choice for developing countries transitioning into renewable energies. India has also recently installed $100 million worth of lead acid batteries for new energy generation projects.		Pros and Cons: Although lead acid batteries do not have the highest specific energy ( 32-43 Wh/kg),the market is still growing worldwide because of it's robust charging and economical manufacturing and 85% efficiency. Lead acid batteries have a similar levelized cost of electricity as flow batteries at $0.25-$0.35/kWh and although lead is a toxic component, successful recycling programs allowed 99% of these batteries to be recycled in the US last year. In china, lead acid batteries are being integrated into solar farms for storage. This includes a 1Mwh installation in western china and two other projects for 2.5 MW of storage. Although lithium ion batteries are taking over the battery market with 74% of china's new installation, lead acid batteries are still second at 14%. Lead acid batteries have become the battery of choice for developing countries transitioning into renewable energies. India has also recently installed $100 million worth of lead acid batteries for new energy generation projects.
			<br clear='all'>
	===Large scale lithium ion===		===Large scale lithium ion===
	[[File:Li-air-charge-discharge.jpg\|thumb\|Li-air-charge-discharge]]		[[File:Li-air-charge-discharge.jpg\|thumb\|Li-air-charge-discharge]]
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	Pros and Cons: Electric cars have driven the rapid improvement of the lithium ion battery. Tesla is selling home battery pack the "power wall" that works with home solar generation to achieve better economics and flexibility for timing energy production and consumption as well as providing a backup system for those "off the grid". Levelized cost of electricity range from $0.25-$0.50/kWh. A lithium ion battery has an energy density of 100-265 Wh/kg with efficiencies of 80-90%. Standing discharge rate is extremely low at 5% per month, but these devices are temperature dependent with aging occurring much faster at high temperatures. California hosts the world's largest lithium ion battery at 8MW/32MWh		Pros and Cons: Electric cars have driven the rapid improvement of the lithium ion battery. Tesla is selling home battery pack the "power wall" that works with home solar generation to achieve better economics and flexibility for timing energy production and consumption as well as providing a backup system for those "off the grid". Levelized cost of electricity range from $0.25-$0.50/kWh. A lithium ion battery has an energy density of 100-265 Wh/kg with efficiencies of 80-90%. Standing discharge rate is extremely low at 5% per month, but these devices are temperature dependent with aging occurring much faster at high temperatures. California hosts the world's largest lithium ion battery at 8MW/32MWh
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	===Energy Storage for Different Purposes===		===Energy Storage for Different Purposes===
	[[File:Supercapacitors chart.svg\|thumb\|Supercapacitors chart]]		[[File:Supercapacitors chart.svg\|thumb\|Supercapacitors chart]]
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	The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image		The following compares the cost/kwh of various storage technologies. Image
			<br clear='all'>
	===Energy Storage Projections Worldwide===		===Energy Storage Projections Worldwide===

Cmditradmin: /* Lead Acid Batteries */

2016-11-08T19:46:15Z

Lead Acid Batteries

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:46, 8 November 2016
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	===Lead Acid Batteries===		===Lead Acid Batteries===
	[[File:~~SLA battery~~.~~png~~\|thumb\|~~SLA battery~~]]		[[File:Lead-acid_charging.svg\|thumb\|Lead Acid Battery Charging]]

	How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.		How does it work: Lead acid batteries rely on the same basic principles of battery storage with an anode, cathode and electrolyte.

	Pros and Cons: Although lead acid batteries do not have the highest specific energy ( 32-43 Wh/kg),the market is still growing worldwide because of it's robust charging and economical manufacturing and 85% efficiency. Lead acid batteries have a similar levelized cost of electricity as flow batteries at $0.25-$0.35/kWh and although lead is a toxic component, successful recycling programs allowed 99% of these batteries to be recycled in the US last year. In china, lead acid batteries are being integrated into solar farms for storage. This includes a 1Mwh installation in western china and two other projects for 2.5 MW of storage. Although lithium ion batteries are taking over the battery market with 74% of china's new installation, lead acid batteries are still second at 14%. Lead acid batteries have become the battery of choice for developing countries transitioning into renewable energies. India has also recently installed $100 million worth of lead acid batteries for new energy generation projects.		Pros and Cons: Although lead acid batteries do not have the highest specific energy ( 32-43 Wh/kg),the market is still growing worldwide because of it's robust charging and economical manufacturing and 85% efficiency. Lead acid batteries have a similar levelized cost of electricity as flow batteries at $0.25-$0.35/kWh and although lead is a toxic component, successful recycling programs allowed 99% of these batteries to be recycled in the US last year. In china, lead acid batteries are being integrated into solar farms for storage. This includes a 1Mwh installation in western china and two other projects for 2.5 MW of storage. Although lithium ion batteries are taking over the battery market with 74% of china's new installation, lead acid batteries are still second at 14%. Lead acid batteries have become the battery of choice for developing countries transitioning into renewable energies. India has also recently installed $100 million worth of lead acid batteries for new energy generation projects.

	===Large scale lithium ion===		===Large scale lithium ion===

Cmditradmin: /* Flow batteries */

2016-11-08T19:44:19Z

Flow batteries

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:44, 8 November 2016
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	===Flow batteries===		===Flow batteries===
			[[file:Diagram_of_the_zinc-cerium_redox_flow_battery.jpg\|thumb\|Zinc Cerium Flow Battery]]
	How does it work: This battery is recharged by two chemical components (such as zinc and cerium below) dissolved in a liquid. This technology is similar to both a fuel cell and battery where the liquid source is tapped for energy to create electricity but can also be used to recharge in the same system. Replacing the electrolyte liquid instantly recharges this battery. Conventional batteries store energy in the electrode material while these flow batteries use the electrolyte liquid.		How does it work: This battery is recharged by two chemical components (such as zinc and cerium below) dissolved in a liquid. This technology is similar to both a fuel cell and battery where the liquid source is tapped for energy to create electricity but can also be used to recharge in the same system. Replacing the electrolyte liquid instantly recharges this battery. Conventional batteries store energy in the electrode material while these flow batteries use the electrolyte liquid.

Cmditradmin: /* Thermal storage */

2016-11-08T19:42:09Z

Thermal storage

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 8 November 2016
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	===Thermal storage===		===Thermal storage===
	http://energy.gov/~~sites/prod/files/styles~~/~~download_hero~~/~~public~~/~~graphic_csp_powertower_1996_high.jpg?itok=MWCuE3NV~~		[[image:Graphic_csp_powertower_1996_high.jpg\|thumb\|Solar Power Tower http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/downloads/concentrating-solar-power-tower-plant-illustration]]

	How does it work: Solar power towers use mirrors to heat up an a reservoir of liquid salt. The heat is extracted to run a turbine.		How does it work: Solar power towers use mirrors to heat up an a reservoir of liquid salt. The heat is extracted to run a turbine.